By Dr. Giorgia Soreca, Gynecologist at Aventino Medical Group, Rome
Introduction
The vaginal microbioma plays an essential role in gynecological health, influencing infection prevention and overall well-being. The delicate balance between lactobacilli and other beneficial microorganisms protects the vaginal environment from pathogens and inflammation.
Recent studies show that factors such as diet, intimate hygiene, and antibiotic use can alter the bacterial flora, increasing the risk of conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and urinary tract infections (UTIs).
The role of the vaginal microbiome in women’s health
The vaginal microbiome is primarily composed of beneficial bacteria, particularly lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid and help maintain a vaginal pH between 3.8 and 4.5. This acidic environment is crucial for:
- Preventing bacterial and fungal infections, such as bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis.
- Reducing inflammation and lowering the risk of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs).
- Supporting fertility by regulating cervical mucus quality and creating a favorable reproductive environment.
- Maintaining hormonal balance, particularly during sensitive phases such as pregnancy and menopause.
Vaginal dysbiosis: causes and symptoms
When the vaginal microbiome is disrupted, it leads to dysbiosis, a condition that allows pathogenic bacteria to proliferate. The main causes include:
- Excessive antibiotic use, which reduces protective bacterial flora.
- Hormonal changes due to pregnancy, menopause, or oral contraceptives.
- Improper intimate hygiene, such as harsh cleansing products or frequent vaginal douching.
- Unprotected sexual intercourse, which can introduce external bacteria into the vaginal microbioma.
- Unbalanced diet, low in fiber and high in sugar, which promotes the growth of harmful microorganisms.
The most common symptoms of dysbiosis include:
- Abnormal vaginal discharge (white, yellowish, or with a strong odor).
- Itching and burning sensations in the intimate area.
- Increased sensitivity or pain during sexual intercourse.
- Higher susceptibility to recurrent urinary tract infections.
How to maintain a healthy vaginal microbiome
Maintaining a balanced microbioma is possible through simple lifestyle, dietary, and intimate care habits.
Follow a diet rich in probiotics and prebiotics
A healthy diet helps maintain bacterial flora balance. Consider consuming:
- Probiotics (yogurt, kefir, miso, fermented sauerkraut) to promote the growth of lactobacilli.
- Prebiotics (garlic, onions, leeks, asparagus), which nourish beneficial bacteria.
- Omega-3 fatty acids (fatty fish, flaxseeds), which reduce inflammation.
- Limit refined sugars, which can encourage Candida overgrowth.
Avoid harsh intimate hygiene products
- Use gentle, pH-balanced cleansers (pH 3.5-4.5).
- Avoid internal vaginal douching, which can disrupt protective flora.
- Wear breathable cotton underwear and avoid tight clothing.
Practice protected sex
- Using condoms reduces the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and protects vaginal microbiome balance.
Limit excessive antibiotic and antifungal use
- When necessary, support treatment with oral or vaginal probiotics to help restore bacterial flora balance.
Microbiome and gynecological health in different life stages
The vaginal microbioma undergoes changes throughout a woman’s life:
- During pregnancy, increased lactobacilli levels protect the fetus from infections.
- In menopause, decreased estrogen levels alter bacterial flora, increasing the risk of vaginal dryness and infections.
- After antibiotic therapy, it is recommended to take probiotics to restore balance.
Frequently asked questions (FAQ) about the vaginal microbiome
What are the signs of a healthy vaginal microbioma?
A balanced microbioma is characterized by the absence of itching, normal physiological discharge, and no unpleasant odor.
What are the best foods for gynecological health?
Foods rich in probiotics (yogurt, kefir), fiber, and omega-3 fatty acids help strengthen the microbiome.
Do antibiotics disrupt the vaginal microbioma?
Yes, they reduce lactobacilli, allowing pathogens to proliferate. Taking specific probiotics after antibiotic therapy is beneficial.
How can I restore my microbioma after a Candida infection?
Following a low-sugar diet and consuming fermented dairy products helps restore balance.
Are vaginal probiotics effective?
Yes, especially in cases of recurrent infections or after antibiotic treatment.
Conclusion
Preserving vaginal microbiome balance is essential for gynecological health and overall well-being. A balanced diet, proper hygiene, and responsible antibiotic use can reduce the risk of infections and maintain a healthy bacterial flora.
At Aventino Medical Group in Rome, we offer specialized gynecological consultations in clinic, remotely, and at home, ensuring personalized care.
For more information or to book an appointment with Dr. Giorgia Soreca, visit her page here.