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By Dr. Daniele Caviglia, Orthopedic Specialist at Aventino Medical Group, Rome Beauty and danger: the paradox of moving around Rome  “Rome is both magnificent and treacherous,” warns Dr. Daniele Caviglia. Walking through the Eternal City can be as beneficial as it is risky—unless specific precautions are taken. Uneven cobblestones, irregular sidewalks, sudden inclines, and steep descents all challenge your joints and balance. According to a study by the Italian National Institute of Health, 28% of urban orthopedic injuries are caused by falls on uneven surfaces. For those moving on foot or by bike, awareness of the urban environment is an essential part of physical activity. Joint protection: what to consider before setting off The musculoskeletal system requires proper preparation, especially when exposed to irregular surfaces or steep slopes. Warming up, stretching, and strengthening exercises—particularly for the ankles, knees, and lower back—are essential. Wearing flexible yet slip-resistant shoes significantly reduces the risk of sprains and slips. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons recommends choosing routes with moderate inclines and compact surfaces for urban walking. In Rome, routes like the Caffarella Park or the Appian Way offer smoother terrain and are less taxing on the joints. Posture and balance matter Navigating difficult terrain such as cobblestones requires enhanced postural control. Core muscles—deep abdominals, obliques, and lower back—are crucial for maintaining stability and preventing injury from poor compensation. Using walking sticks can improve balance and reduce pressure on the knees. Visual attention is also key: looking several meters ahead instead of at your feet helps you anticipate obstacles and react in time. Safe walking is guided not only by habit, but by conscious awareness.  Recommended routes for low-risk training Not all Roman routes are suitable for people with joint issues or those undergoing rehabilitation. Avoiding climbs like Gianicolo Hill or the stairs of the Capitoline Hill during early stages of training can help prevent overload and inflammation. Choosing flat or gently undulating paths allows you to maintain your target heart rate without compromising gait mechanics. The Circus Maximus, with its open space and level ground, and the Lungotevere, with its wide and manageable sidewalks, are great places to start. Conclusion Moving around Rome is a unique experience—but one that demands awareness. With a few precautions—such as good muscle preparation, appropriate footwear, and selecting the right routes—you can enjoy the benefits of movement without unnecessary risks. Orthopedic prevention begins with small daily choices: listening to your body, knowing your limits, and moving smartly. Take Care of Your Musculoskeletal System Have you experienced sprains, joint pain, or postural issues? Our orthopedic specialists can help you prevent injuries and improve your quality of life.Explore the orthopedic services at Aventino Medical Group.

By Dr. Leopoldo Bianconi, Cardiologist at Aventino Medical Group, Rome A city to be lived… on foot “Rome is a vibrant city, pulsating like an ancient heart,” says Dr. Leopoldo Bianconi. Its streets, parks, and historical landmarks are not only a feast for the eyes but also an open-air gym for our cardiovascular system. Regular walking in the city can reduce blood pressure, improve circulation, and lower cholesterol and blood glucose levels. Numerous studies, including one published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, show that walking for at least 30 minutes a day significantly reduces the risk of heart attacks and strokes. In a city like Rome, where every step tells a story, walking also becomes a pleasure for the soul. How much should you walk to stay healthy? According to WHO guidelines, just 150 minutes of moderate walking per week can improve cardiovascular health. This equates to around 30 minutes a day, five days a week. It is important to find the right balance between effort and benefit: the pace should be brisk but not exhausting. Ideally, you should be able to talk while walking without getting out of breath. Monitoring your heart rate can be helpful: the optimal range for moderate activity is between 50% and 70% of your maximum heart rate (maximum heart rate = 220 – your age). In Rome, the variety of flat and hilly routes offers options for all ages and fitness levels. Where to walk in Rome? The best cardio-friendly routes Villa Doria Pamphilj, Parco della Caffarella, Gianicolo, and Lungotevere are just some of the ideal routes for a healthy walk. These places offer not only cleaner air and shade but also regular paths to train your heart and muscles safely. It is helpful to choose the cooler hours, wear comfortable shoes, and stay hydrated. Some routes, such as those in the Aventino neighborhood, allow you to combine physical activity with moments of tranquility and contemplation. For those who have had heart issues, it’s always advisable to consult with a cardiologist before starting a new exercise program. Heart and mind: a connection that walks together Regular walking not only reduces cardiovascular risk factors but also improves psychological well-being. Numerous studies have shown that physical activity, especially outdoors, helps lower cortisol levels, the stress hormone, improving mood and sleep quality. Walking in Rome can therefore be a form of preventive medicine: every step helps care for both the heart and the mind. It’s a holistic approach to health, combining medicine, lifestyle, and the appreciation of the surroundings. Conclusion Walking in Rome is not just a way to discover the city, but also a concrete gesture of self-care. The heart benefits from this simple, natural activity, which can be easily integrated into your daily routine. In an urban environment full of positive stimuli, physical activity becomes a regenerative experience that improves life quality and prevents many diseases. Whether it’s a quick walk before work or a stroll in the parks on the weekend, every step is an investment in your health. A heart healthplan tailored for you Do you want to take care of your heart with the support of a specialist? Explore the cardiology services at Aventino Medical Group and start your journey towards a healthier life today.

Allergies in Children: When to Worry? By Dr. Blegina Shashaj, Pediatric Specialist at Aventino Medical Group, Rome IntroductionSpring brings longer days, mild temperatures, and the beauty of nature in bloom. However, for many children, it also means dealing with the annoying symptoms of seasonal allergies. Sneezing, a runny nose, and coughing may seem like a common cold, but if these symptoms recur every year with the arrival of spring, it’s time to look into the situation more deeply. 🌿 But what triggers these allergies? The main culprits are pollen from trees, grasses, and herbaceous plants that, dispersed in the air, can cause allergic reactions in predisposed children. These allergens stimulate the immune system, which mistakenly recognizes them as threats and triggers an inflammatory response. When to suspect an allergy? If a child shows respiratory or ocular symptoms that persist for weeks and worsen at specific times of the year, it is advisable to consult a specialist. A referral for allergy testing in children should always come from a pediatric or allergology evaluation. The following signs may suggest the need for further investigation:✔ Frequent sneezing, especially outdoors or upon waking✔ Nasal congestion and itching✔ Persistent cough without fever✔ Itchy and red eyes with excessive tearing✔ Wheezing or shortness of breath after exposure to certain environments✔ Sleep disturbances due to breathing difficulties Many parents may not immediately recognize these symptoms as signs of an allergy, thinking it’s just a common cold. However, if the disturbances recur cyclically at the same time of year or last longer than usual, it’s important to have the child undergo a specialist evaluation. How is the diagnosis made? The diagnosis of seasonal allergies is based on a combination of a detailed medical history, physical examination, and specific allergy tests. The most common tests include:📌 Skin Prick Test – Small amounts of allergens are applied to the skin to observe any local reactions.📌 Blood tests (specific IgE) – Measurement of the immune system’s response to suspected allergens. These tests help pinpoint the exact cause of the allergy and allow for a targeted therapeutic strategy. Strategies to prevent and manage seasonal allergies in children In addition to the pharmacological treatments prescribed by the pediatrician or allergist, there are several strategies to reduce exposure to pollen and relieve symptoms:Know the pollen calendar – Identify the plants responsible for the allergy and monitor the periods of peak exposure.Limit exposure to pollen – Avoid spending extended time outdoors on windy, dry days when pollen concentrations are higher.Protect indoor environments – Keep windows closed during the pollen season and use air purifiers.Modify daily habits – After being outdoors, it is helpful to take a shower and wash the hair to remove accumulated pollen. Avoid hanging clothes outside.Take precautions when traveling – Traveling by car with windows closed and using pollen filters can help reduce symptoms.Consider staying in less allergenic environments – Spending a few days in coastal or mountainous locations can reduce symptoms.Use protective devices – Anti-allergy masks are a helpful tool on days with high pollen levels.Follow the prescribed therapy – Antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, or other treatments should be taken consistently for effective symptom control. Practical tips for children allergic to pollen In more severe cases, it is essential to adopt additional precautions:✔ Avoid parks and fields on days of high pollen concentration.✔ Do not ride a bike or motorbike without protection, as pollen accumulates in hair and clothing.✔ Use sunglasses to protect the eyes from irritation.✔ At home, use air filters and wash bedding and clothes frequently.✔ Plan outdoor activities during less risky hours, preferably early in the morning or after rain.✔ Consult an allergist to evaluate specific immunotherapy, which can reduce the intensity of allergic reactions in the long term. By adopting these strategies, the child’s quality of life can be significantly improved, allowing them to face the spring season with greater ease and comfort. Conclusion Seasonal allergies can be bothersome and affect a child’s quality of life, but with early diagnosis and proper management, symptoms can be significantly reduced, improving daily well-being. Consulting a specialist helps identify the best prevention and treatment strategies, ensuring optimal control of the allergic condition.🌿 Do you want to help your child experience spring without discomfort? Book an appointment with our pediatrician at Aventino Medical Group for a thorough check-up and personalized management of allergy symptoms. A small step today can make a difference for their health and well-being! 😊👉 To learn more, we invite you to visit both our Pediatrics page and our Allergology page at Aventino Medical Group. 📅 From there, you can easily book an appointment with our specialists to ensure your child receives personalized and attentive care. We’re here to support their health… in every season! 🌸💙

By Dr. Andrea De Arcangelis, Ophthalmologist at Aventino Medical Group, Rome Introduction Red, watery eyes after a walk in Villa Borghese or along the Tiber may be a sign of allergic conjunctivitis. This condition affects millions of people, particularly during spring, when pollen and other environmental allergens increase exponentially. But what causes this reaction, and how can we protect our eyes? Let’s explore the symptoms, prevention strategies, and available treatments. What is allergic conjunctivitis? Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the front part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. This reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances, such as pollen, dust mites, animal dander, or chemicals in the air. Main Symptoms: Causes and Risk Factors The main causes of allergic conjunctivitis include: Diagnosis and allergy testing For an accurate diagnosis, it is essential to consult an ophthalmologist or an allergist. The most commonly used tests include: Prevention Strategies To reduce exposure to allergens and prevent allergic conjunctivitis, several strategies can be adopted: Available treatments Treatments vary depending on the severity of symptoms and include: When to see a doctor? If symptoms persist for more than a week or worsen despite treatment, it is advisable to consult a specialist. Allergic conjunctivitis can be confused with other eye conditions, such as bacterial infections or dry eye syndrome. Conclusion Allergic conjunctivitis is an annoying condition, but it can be managed with the right precautions and treatments. If you notice your eyes become red and watery with the first spring breeze, don’t ignore it—this could be the time to consult a specialist. At Aventino Medical Group, we are ready to help you see the world with clearer, more peaceful eyes – book an appointment and enjoy your walks worry-free! 👉 To learn more, we invite you to visit the Ophthalmology page, the Allergology page, and the Pediatrics page of Aventino Medical Group.

 By Dr. Megon Bresciani, Allergist at Aventino Medical Group in Rome IntroductionWith the arrival of spring, millions of people suffer from seasonal allergies primarily caused by pollen. Symptoms such as sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy eyes, and breathing difficulties can significantly affect quality of life. But what are the most effective treatments to face spring without discomfort? From antihistamines, nasal sprays, natural remedies, and environmental strategies, there are various solutions to alleviate symptoms. However, the only treatment that addresses the underlying cause of the allergy is specific immunotherapy. Let’s explore the best therapeutic options available. Medications for controlling spring allergies For those who suffer from allergic rhinitis and seasonal conjunctivitis, there are effective medications that can significantly reduce symptoms: The combined use of these treatments, under medical supervision, allows for better management of spring symptoms. Natural remedies and daily strategies In addition to medications, there are preventive measures that can reduce exposure to allergens and improve quality of life: Immunotherapy: the only treatment that targets the cause Specific allergen immunotherapy is the only treatment that can modify the patient’s immune response to allergens. This approach involves the progressive administration of small doses of the allergen to induce tolerance over time. It is recommended for: The benefits of immunotherapy are long-lasting and can significantly reduce the need for allergy medications. Conclusion Facing spring without discomfort is possible by combining medications, preventive strategies, and long-term treatments like immunotherapy. 🌿 Would you like to learn more about seasonal allergies and the best ways to manage them? Visit our Allergology page to discover all the services we offer and book a consultation with one of our specialists. At Aventino Medical Group, we’re here to help you enjoy spring with comfort and confidence. 🌸

By Dr. Fabio Zannoni, Gastroenterologist at Aventino Medical Group, Rome Introduction The intestinal microbioma is a complex ecosystem of billions of bacteria and other microorganisms that inhabit our gastrointestinal tract. This microscopic universe plays a crucial role in digestion, vitamin synthesis, and immune system balance. According to recent studies, a healthy microbioma promotes microbial biodiversity, reducing the risk of dysbiosis and preventing gastrointestinal disorders such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). The key role of the microbioma in digestive health A healthy gut is not just about good digestion—it is fundamental to overall health. The intestinal microbioma performs several essential functions: Intestinal dysbiosis: symptoms and consequences The intestinal microbioma serves as a barrier against pathogens that come into contact with our digestive system. It constantly stimulates the immune system, allowing it to tolerate beneficial microorganisms and recognize them as non-threatening. Intestinal dysbiosis occurs when the balance between beneficial and pathogenic bacteria is disrupted. The most common causes include poor diet, stress, excessive antibiotic use, and a sedentary lifestyle. Some typical signs of microbioma imbalance include: An altered microbioma has been linked to pathological conditions such as IBS, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)—along with IBS, infectious enterocolitis, and food intolerances—are associated with microbioma alterations, increased intestinal permeability, and reduced microbial diversity. These imbalances stem from both genetic factors and microbiome changes. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), one of the most commonly used medications for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and excessive stomach acid production, alter both the oral and intestinal microbioma. How to improve and maintain a healthy intestinal microbioma A proper diet and lifestyle are key to maintaining a balanced microbioma. Here are some effective strategies: Follow a diet rich in prebiotic fibersSome foods support the growth of beneficial bacteria, including: Avoid ultra-processed foodsRefined sugars, artificial sweeteners, and trans fats encourage the growth of harmful bacteria, disrupting gut balance. Engage in regular physical activityModerate exercise helps promote microbioma biodiversity. Limit unnecessary antibiotic useExcessive antibiotic intake destroys beneficial gut flora. If antibiotic therapy is necessary, it is helpful to supplement the diet with probiotics afterward. The microbioma and its impact beyond digestion The gut microbioma does not just affect digestion—it also interacts with multiple medical fields, including: How can dysbiosis be diagnosed? Diagnosis starts with carefully assessing the patient’s symptoms. Tests include: Frequently asked questions (FAQ) about the gut microbioma What are the signs of a balanced microbioma?A healthy gut is reflected in regular digestion, absence of bloating, and good sleep quality. Which foods harm the microbioma?Processed foods, refined sugars, and artificial sweeteners can disrupt the gut flora. Are probiotics really effective?Yes, but they must be taken in specific strains suited to individual needs. It is always advisable to consult a specialist. How long does it take to rebalance the microbioma?Improvements can be seen within 2-4 weeks of lifestyle changes. Conclusion Maintaining a healthy gut microbioma is essential for digestive and overall well-being. By following a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and managing stress effectively, we can enhance gut health and prevent numerous diseases. At Aventino Medical Group in Rome, our team of gastroenterologists offers in-clinic, remote, and at-home specialist consultations to provide personalized and comprehensive care.For more information or to book an appointment with Dr. Fabio Zannoni, visit his page here.

By Dr. Giorgia Soreca, Gynecologist at Aventino Medical Group, Rome Introduction The vaginal microbioma plays an essential role in gynecological health, influencing infection prevention and overall well-being. The delicate balance between lactobacilli and other beneficial microorganisms protects the vaginal environment from pathogens and inflammation. Recent studies show that factors such as diet, intimate hygiene, and antibiotic use can alter the bacterial flora, increasing the risk of conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and urinary tract infections (UTIs). The role of the vaginal microbiome in women’s health The vaginal microbiome is primarily composed of beneficial bacteria, particularly lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid and help maintain a vaginal pH between 3.8 and 4.5. This acidic environment is crucial for: Vaginal dysbiosis: causes and symptoms When the vaginal microbiome is disrupted, it leads to dysbiosis, a condition that allows pathogenic bacteria to proliferate. The main causes include: The most common symptoms of dysbiosis include: How to maintain a healthy vaginal microbiome Maintaining a balanced microbioma is possible through simple lifestyle, dietary, and intimate care habits. Follow a diet rich in probiotics and prebiotics A healthy diet helps maintain bacterial flora balance. Consider consuming: Avoid harsh intimate hygiene products Practice protected sex Limit excessive antibiotic and antifungal use Microbiome and gynecological health in different life stages The vaginal microbioma undergoes changes throughout a woman’s life: Frequently asked questions (FAQ) about the vaginal microbiome What are the signs of a healthy vaginal microbioma?A balanced microbioma is characterized by the absence of itching, normal physiological discharge, and no unpleasant odor. What are the best foods for gynecological health?Foods rich in probiotics (yogurt, kefir), fiber, and omega-3 fatty acids help strengthen the microbiome. Do antibiotics disrupt the vaginal microbioma?Yes, they reduce lactobacilli, allowing pathogens to proliferate. Taking specific probiotics after antibiotic therapy is beneficial. How can I restore my microbioma after a Candida infection?Following a low-sugar diet and consuming fermented dairy products helps restore balance. Are vaginal probiotics effective?Yes, especially in cases of recurrent infections or after antibiotic treatment. Conclusion Preserving vaginal microbiome balance is essential for gynecological health and overall well-being. A balanced diet, proper hygiene, and responsible antibiotic use can reduce the risk of infections and maintain a healthy bacterial flora. At Aventino Medical Group in Rome, we offer specialized gynecological consultations in clinic, remotely, and at home, ensuring personalized care. For more information or to book an appointment with Dr. Giorgia Soreca, visit her page here.

By Dr. Gabriella Nataloni, Specialist in Internal Medicine at Aventino Medical Group, Rome Introduction The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem that plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic, immune, and cardiovascular health. In internal medicine, the balance of the microbioma is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the prevention and management of chronic diseases, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disorders. “Avoiding unnecessary antibiotics, managing stress, and adopting a balanced diet are fundamental strategies,” explains Dr. Gabriella Nataloni. “Microbiome analysis could become an innovative preventive strategy in personalized medicine, allowing for more targeted treatments for chronic diseases.” Microbiome and internal medicine: an essential connection A healthy gut microbioma not only supports digestion but is closely linked to metabolic and cardiovascular health. Recent studies have highlighted that microbiome imbalances may contribute to: Type 2 diabetes → Imbalances in gut flora can influence insulin resistance.Hypertension → The microbiome regulates the bioavailability of short-chain fatty acids, which are essential for blood pressure control.Autoimmune diseases → Gut dysbiosis can trigger chronic inflammatory responses, worsening conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.Liver diseases → The microbiome plays a key role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other metabolic liver disorders. Strategies for a healthy microbiome in internal medicine Adopting a Diet Targeted at Metabolic Regulation A balanced diet can support gut function and prevent metabolic complications: Fermented foods (yogurt, kefir, miso) help modulate immune response.Soluble fiber (oats, legumes, vegetables) reduces inflammation and improves glucose metabolism.Omega-3 fatty acids (fatty fish, nuts) counteract inflammation linked to gut dysbiosis. Controlling Medication Use Certain medications, such as antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), can alter gut flora, reducing microbial diversity. In internal medicine, it is essential to: Use antibiotics only when strictly necessary.Supplement with targeted probiotics in patients undergoing prolonged antibiotic therapy.Avoid excessive use of antacid medications, which can alter gut pH. Managing Stress and Promoting Sleep The microbiome is closely connected to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stress management techniques, such as meditation and proper sleep hygiene, can reduce gut inflammation and improve cardiovascular health. Monitoring the Microbiome with Specific Tests New technologies allow for bacterial composition analysis, identifying imbalances linked to chronic diseases. Microbiome testing could be integrated into internal medicine practice to: Assess the risk of metabolic syndrome.Monitor the effectiveness of nutritional and pharmacological therapies.Prevent functional gastrointestinal disorders. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) What is the link between the microbiome and insulin resistance? Recent studies have shown that an altered microbioma can produce pro-inflammatory metabolites that influence insulin sensitivity, increasing the risk of diabetes. Can antibiotics cause metabolic issues? Yes. Excessive antibiotic use can disrupt gut flora, reducing beneficial bacteria involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. What tests can help evaluate the microbiome? DNA sequencing tests can analyze the microbioma composition and detect imbalances. Does the microbiome influence cardiovascular health? Yes. Certain gut bacteria influence the production of compounds that can contribute to atherosclerosis. How can I improve my microbiome? Eat a fiber-rich dietReduce refined sugar intakeManage stress through relaxation techniques Connections with other specialties and institutions A healthy microbiome is fundamental not only in internal medicine but also in many other medical specialties. At Aventino Medical Group, we collaborate with specialists in: Gastroenterology → Managing dysbiosis, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel diseases.Cardiology → Studying the microbiome’s role in cardiovascular disease prevention.Endocrinology → Exploring the connection between microbioma, diabetes, and metabolism.Psychiatry → Assessing the microbiome’s impact on mental health and psychological well-being. Collaborations with leading institutions To ensure optimal gut health management, we rely on guidelines and research from authoritative scientific institutions, including: National Institutes of Health (NIH) – www.nih.govEuropean Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) – www.espen.orgItalian Society of Internal Medicine (SIMI) – www.simi.itWorld Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO) – www.worldgastroenterology.org Conclusion A healthy microbiome is a key element of overall well-being, influencing not only digestion but also metabolic and cardiovascular health. Maintaining a balanced lifestyle, with a diverse diet, stress management, and mindful medication use, can help prevent chronic diseases and support better quality of life. Understanding the role of the microbiome with the support of specialists can be valuable in assessing one’s health status and adopting personalized prevention strategies.

By Dr. Marta Martinelli, Nutritionist at Aventino Medical Group, Rome Introduction The gut microbioma is a complex ecosystem of various microorganisms that plays a fundamental role in our body. Its composition is strongly influenced by diet and regulates essential physiological processes that contribute to overall well-being. A healthy microbioma is associated with good digestion, a strong immune system, and even a positive mood. Conversely, an imbalanced microbiome can promote chronic inflammation, obesity, diabetes, insomnia, and mood disorders. At Aventino Medical Group in Rome, our team of nutritionists and specialists offers personalized consultations to help patients improve their gut health through a balanced and mindful diet. The role of the gut microbioma in metabolism and health As a nutrition professional, I help my patients understand the importance of the gut microbioma, composed of billions of microorganisms that perform essential functions for the human body, including: Diet and microbiome: which foods promote bacterial balance? A diet rich in specific nutrients can support a healthy microbioma and prevent imbalances that lead to metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Here are some key food groups: Fiber-rich foods Dietary fiber acts as a prebiotic, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria. Important sources of fiber include:   Polyphenols: powerful microbiome allies Polyphenols are plant compounds with antioxidant properties that support the growth of beneficial bacteria and reduce inflammation. They are found in: Probiotics: found in fermented foods Probiotics are live bacteria that enhance the gut microbioma, promoting balance. Natural probiotic sources include: Effects of an unbalanced diet on the microbiome A diet high in refined sugars, ultra-processed foods, and low in fiber can lead to gut dysbiosis, characterized by: 2025-03 Martinelli_IMMAGINE 3 Strategies to improve the microbioma through nutrition Connections with other medical disciplines and institutions A healthy microbioma not only affects digestion but also impacts various medical fields, including: For further reading on the connection between nutrition and gut health, you can consult reputable sources such as: Frequently asked questions about the gut microbiome What are the symptoms of an altered microbioma? The most common symptoms include bloating, digestive issues, food intolerances, fatigue, headaches, and mood disorders. Which foods negatively impact the microbiome? Foods high in refined sugars, ultra-processed ingredients, saturated fats, and excessive alcohol can damage gut bacterial diversity. How long does it take to improve the microbioma through diet? Changes can occur within a few weeks by following a personalized diet rich in fiber, probiotics, and natural foods. Are probiotic supplements really effective? Yes, in many cases they can be beneficial, but it is always best to consult a specialist to choose the most suitable product, combined with a proper diet. Conclusion A healthy microbioma is fundamental for both physical and mental well-being. Through proper nutrition and a balanced lifestyle, we can support gut health and prevent numerous diseases. As a nutritionist, I am committed to helping my patients understand the importance of the microbiome and adopt targeted nutritional strategies to improve their health. If you are interested in a personalized consultation, I am available for nutritional assessments tailored to your well-being.📌 For more information or to book an appointment, visit Dr. Martinelli website page.

Curated by Dr. Paola Groff, Pediatrician at Aventino Medical Group, Rome The microbioma is a subject of study that holds great importance nowadays, also in pediatrics, because it plays a fundamental role in the development of the immune and metabolic systems during the early years of life. What is the microbioma? The microbioma is defined as “the collection of symbiotic microorganisms that coexist with the human body without causing harm.”It is a complex system, highly diverse, and composed of over a thousand species of bacteria.The ensemble of microorganisms that make up the intestinal microbioma, formerly known as the intestinal flora, plays a crucial role—especially in the development of the newborn’s immune system—by acting as a barrier against pathogens (viruses/bacteria/fungi).Its alteration, known as dysbiosis, can cause numerous diseases such as allergies, asthma, eczema, inflammatory bowel diseases, metabolic disturbances, obesity, and diabetes.THE FIRST 1000 DAYS OF LIFE, which include the gestational period and the first two years of life, are important not only for the growth and development of the child but also for the formation of the microbioma.The development of the microbioma begins at birth and is influenced by many factors such as the type of delivery (vaginal or cesarean), the type of feeding (breastfeeding or formula feeding), the type of diet, the use of prebiotics and probiotics, pharmacological treatments—particularly antibiotics—illnesses, and the surrounding environment.The neonatal gastrointestinal tract is considered sterile and, after birth, begins to be colonized by many microbes that will form an entirely new microbioma. In particular, during vaginal delivery, the mother’s microbioma can be one of the main elements influencing the newborn’s microbioma. What are probiotics and prebiotics? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), probiotics are “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.”In humans, the most commonly used probiotics are bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium.Prebiotics are indigestible substances that promote the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria. Why is breast milk important? Breast milk plays an important role in the development of the microbioma during the neonatal period.The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and, after the introduction of complementary foods, continuing up to two years or more.Breast milk has an extremely complex composition, rich in both protective and nutritional elements. It contains hundreds of non-pathogenic bacterial species that have beneficial effects for the newborn, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli.Moreover, breast milk contains a large amount of nutritional elements, including non-digestible HMO oligosaccharides, which promote the development of specific intestinal bacteria. Oligosaccharides are defined as a particular type of prebiotic—an important substrate that fosters the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria while limiting the growth of pathogenic ones.It is estimated that breast milk contains between 10^6 and 10^9 (colony-forming units) per ml of beneficial probiotics capable of directly modulating the immune response.Breastfed infants acquire a simple and stable microbioma as early as the first and second week of life.In cases where breastfeeding is not possible, the use of formula—with a composition very similar to that of breast milk, but with different characteristics even if supplemented with probiotics and prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)—leads to the formation of a varied but less stable microbioma. How does the microbioma change during weaning? Weaning is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “the process that begins when breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of infants, and therefore the introduction of solid and liquid foods alongside breast milk becomes necessary.”When the child begins to introduce the first solid foods, new micro- and macronutrients start to influence the microbioma.The progressive changes in dietary habits ensure that, by about three years of age, a child has an intestinal microbioma similar to that of an adult, predominantly represented by the species Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes.A gradual and balanced introduction of foods helps diversify the microbioma, thereby improving digestion and the immune response.In particular, the MEDITERRANEAN DIET—balanced and varied, rich in dietary fibers, with an appropriate supply of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, including fresh fruits and vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, and low in refined sugars and ultra-processed foods—has the ability to positively influence the composition of the microbioma. The benefits of this diet are mainly due to the dietary fibers present in foods such as legumes, vegetables, fruits, and cereals.A balanced and varied diet, to be initiated after an exclusive breastfeeding period of about 6 months, helps prevent the development of food allergies, asthma, and allergic rhinitis.In addition to dietary habits, scientific studies indicate that factors such as the presence of siblings in the same family, living conditions, and early exposure to environmental allergens also influence the composition of the microbioma. Excessive environmental hygiene can limit exposure to the beneficial microorganisms necessary for the development of the immune system. CONCLUSIONS The intestinal microbioma is an essential element for a child’s health and proper development. Through breastfeeding, a balanced and varied diet, and gradual exposure to environmental bacteria, it is possible to foster a healthy microbioma from the very first months of life. Dr. Paola Groff, Pediatrician at Aventino MedicalGroup, is available for personalized pediatric consultations to assess your child’s health.